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A botnet is a network of computers on the internet infected with software robots (or bots). There are numerous botnets, and some of them control millions of computers. Cyber criminals use botnets to launch spam e‐mails and denial of service attacks; and commit click fraud and data theft. Governments use botnets for political purposes or to wage cyber warfare. The purpose of this paper is to review the botnet threats and the responses to the botnet threats.

The paper describes how botnets are created and operated. Then, the paper discusses botnets in terms of architecture, attacking behaviors, communication protocols, observable botnet activities, rally mechanisms, and evasion techniques. Finally, the paper reviews state‐of‐the‐art techniques for detecting and counteracting botnets, and also legal responses to botnet threats.

Botnets have become the platform for many online threats such as spam, denial of service attacks, phishing, data thefts, and online frauds. Security researchers must develop technology to detect and take down botnets, and governments must develop capacity to crack down on botmasters and botnets. Individual computer owners must diligently take measures to keep their computers from becoming members of botnets.

The paper provides a review of current status of botnets and a summary of up‐to‐date responses to botnets in both technical and legal aspects, which can be used as a stepping stone for further research.